![]() This resulted in a Kristang-speaking community large enough for the variety of the language spoken in Singapore to be acknowledged as a distinct variety of Creole Portuguese. In the context of Singapore, Kristang arrived in the 1820s due to the large influx of Eurasian immigrants from Malacca. Moreover, the language is not taught at school, although there are still some Church services in Kristang. In addition, the rising affluence of the region meant more job opportunities, resulting in many Kristangs moving away from Malacca. As such, the Kristang language saw a decline in use compared to English. By the mid 19th century, many Kristangs flocked towards clerical and auxiliary positions provided by their new colonial masters. The ceding of Malacca by the Dutch to the British via the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 directly caused the decline of the Kristang language. Kristang also had a substantial influence on Macanese, the creole language spoken in Macau, due to substantial migration from Malacca after its conquest by the Dutch. Liturgy and pastoral sessions were conducted in Kristang in Malacca, which contributed to the longevity of the language into a period as late as the 20th century. The Irmang di Greza (Brothers of the Church), a manifestation of the bond between language and religion in the Kristang culture, acted as an intermediary between the priest and the remnants of the Portuguese population despite prohibition by the Dutch. The demographics of Malacca in the mid-17th century was still predominantly made up of the Portuguese even under Dutch control. Įven after Portugal lost Malacca and almost all contact in 1641, the Kristang community largely preserved its language. This was supported by Portuguese officials who advocated mixed marriages in the face of a labour shortage in the colonies, leading to the very first native speakers of Kristang as well as the development of the creole. The community of Kristang speakers descends mainly from interracial relationships between Portuguese men and local women, as well as a number of migrants from Portuguese India, themselves of mixed Indo-Portuguese ancestry. A pidgin Portuguese preceding the Kristang creole has also been proposed, whereby a reduced system based on Portuguese converges with other languages present in the contact situation. The constant traffic of Portuguese and traders of other origins such as India eventually gave birth to Papia Kristang, one of many Portuguese-derived contact languages which resulted from Portuguese colonial expansion during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. ![]() The lingua franca of Malacca then was a pidginised form of Malay known as Bazaar Malay or Melayu Pasar, used amongst the resident foreign population which then consisted mainly of Javanese, Tamils and Hokkien Chinese. Until a takeover by the Dutch in 1642, Malacca served as one of the key ports in the trade and administration network of Portuguese establishments along with Goa and Hormuz, allowing Portugal control over main Asiatic trade routes. The Kristang language originated after the conquest of Malacca (Malaysia) in 1511 by the Portuguese Empire. The papia element of the name is cognate with Papiamento, another Portuguese-based creole spoken in the Dutch West Indies. ![]() Its endonym Papia Kristang is taken from Portuguese papear cristão ("to chat Christian"). A small number of speakers also live in other Portuguese Eurasian communities in Kuala Lumpur and Penang in Malaysia, and in diaspora communities in Perth (Western Australia), Canada, the United Kingdom and elsewhere. The language has about 750 speakers in Malacca and another 100 in Singapore. Up to 2014, linguists concerned with Kristang have generally accepted a combined speaker population of about 1,000 individuals or less. In Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010 formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages) published by UNESCO, Kristang is classified as a "severely endangered" language, with only about 2,000 speakers. The language is also called Cristão or Cristan ("Christian"), Portugues di Melaka ("Malacca Portuguese"), Linggu Mai ("Mother Tongue") or simply Papia ("speak"). ![]() Papia Kristang ("speak Christian"), or just Kristang, is a creole language spoken by the Kristang, a community of people of mixed Portuguese and Malay ancestry, chiefly in Malacca, Malaysia. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Kristang is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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